Statistics and Data Analysis PRL Quiz 1.

Read the paper following paper to answer the quiz below.

Mishra, Prabhaker; Pandey, Chandra M; Singh, Uttam; Gupta, Anshul; Sahu, Chinmoy; Keshri, Amit. Descriptive Statistics and Normality Tests for Statistical Data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia 22(1):p 67-72, Jan–Mar 2019. |DOI: 10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18

DOI: 10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18

Question 1: What are the three major types of descriptive statistics mentioned in the paper?

A

Normal distribution, skewness, and kurtosis.

B

Variance, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation.

C

Mean, median, and mode.

D

Frequency, central tendency, and dispersion.

Question 2: As discussed in the paper, which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme values or outliers?

A

Mean.

B

Median.

C

Standard deviation.

D

Mode.

Question 3:What is the primary purpose of measures of dispersion in descriptive statistics, as described in the paper?

A

To show the spread or variation in a data set.

B

To calculate the average value of a data set.

C

To determine the middle value of a data set.

D

To identify the most frequent value in a data set.

Question 4: According to the paper, what is a disadvantage of using the mode as a measure of central tendency?

A

It cannot be calculated for quantitative data.

B

It is affected by extreme values.

C

It is always equal to the mean and median.

D

It may not be unique, leading to multiple or no modes for a data set.

Question 5: What is the significance of the standard deviation (SD) in measures of dispersion?

A

It shows the total range of the data set.

B

It indicates the most frequently occurring value in the data set.

C

It represents the average difference from the mean value.

D

It is used to calculate the median of the data.

Question 6: How is the standard error used in statistical analysis?

A

To determine the interquartile range of the data.

B

To calculate the difference between sample mean and population mean.

C

To show the spread of data in quartiles.

D

To find the mode of the data set.

Question 7: What is the interquartile range (IQR) and how is it calculated?

A

IQR is the average of all data points.

B

IQR is the frequency of the most occurring value in the data set.

C

IQR is the range from the minimum to maximum value and is calculated by subtracting the smallest observation from the largest.

D

IQR is the middle 50% of the data, calculated as the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles.

Question 8. What does the coefficient of variation (CV) measure, and how is it expressed?

A

CV is used to determine the standard deviation and is expressed as a numerical value.

B

CV calculates the median of the data set.

C

CV measures how spread out the values are from the mean and is expressed in percentage terms.

D

CV measures the range of the data and is expressed as the difference between the largest and smallest values.

Question 9. What is the purpose of using variance in statistical analysis?

A

To identify the most frequent value in the data set.

B

To calculate the median of the data set.

C

To determine the total range of the data set.

D

To measure the average squared deviation from the mean value.

Question 10. How is the standard error calculated and what does it represent?

A

Standard error is calculated as the square root of the variance and represents the spread of the data.

B

Standard error is calculated as the sample SD divided by the square root of the sample size and represents the difference between sample mean and population mean.

C

Standard error is calculated by dividing the range by the total number of observations.

D

Standard error is the difference between the largest and smallest values in the data set.

Question 11. What does the interquartile range (IQR) indicate in a data set?

A

IQR represents the frequency of the most occurring value in the data set.

B

IQR indicates the total range of the data from minimum to maximum.

C

IQR is the average value of all observations in the data set.

D

IQR is the difference between the first and third quartiles, showing the spread of the middle 50% of the data.

Question 12. In the context of normality testing, what does a Shapiro–Wilk test result with P > 0.05 indicate?

A

The test is inconclusive and should be re-run.

B

The data are considered to be normally distributed.

C

The data do not follow a normal distribution.

D

The mean is not a suitable measure of central tendency for the data.